Budhcad Badeed Weli Qiil Ma Leeyahay?

 

February 09, 2008

 

Sannadkii 1982 ayaa baahi loo qabo in la helo xal waara iyo wada shaqeyn darteed Jamceedda Qaruumaha ka Dhexeysa (The United Nations/UN) ku kalliftay in ay qabanqaabiso shirweyne albaabada u furanyihiin dalalka adduunka oo dhan, in ay uga hadlaan habkii ay si wadajir ah uga manaafacaadi lahaayeen Badaha Adduunka.  Iyada oo UN-ta ay aqoonsantahay madaxbannaanida dhul-badeedka (Territorial Sea) dowladaha xeebta leh oo dhan iyo weliba rabitaankooda Xeer kala haga xuduudahooda badeed ayaa lama huraan noqotay in dib-u-sixid lagu sameeyo Xeerkii Badda ee Geneva 1958 iyo 1960 ba.

 

Shirweynahaasi oo ay dowladda Soomaaliyeed ka qeyb gashay waxaa uu ka dhacay magaalada Montego Bay ee dalka Jamaica, bishii December ee 1982.  Shirweynahaasi waxaa ka soo baxay Xeer Badeed ka kooban in ka badan 320 qodob, oo xeerinaya siyaabaha kale duwan ee badaha, si wadajir ah, looga faa’iideysto: ha noqoto kalluumeysi, macdan soo saaris, ku gooshidda maraakiibta ganacsiga, iyo weliba nabadsugidda iyo ka hortagidda budhcad badeedyada [1].  Soomaaliya oo markaa u aragtay sharcigan cusub ee Badda in ay dan ugu jirto ayaa dowladdeena ansixisay (ratified) qodobada shirka ka soo baxay bishii July 24, 1989, iyada oo noqotay wadankii afartanaad ee ansixiya sharcigaasi Caalamiga ah.  Haddadaan oo aan ku jirno horraanta sannadka 2008, waxaa ansixiyey sharcigan 155 dowladood.

 

Wuxuu Xeerka Badda si cad u qeexayaa in dowladaha adduunka ay si iskuduubni ah ula dagaalamaan budhcad badeedka meel walba ha joogaan e.  Waxaan ka dharagsannahay in sidii uu u biloowday dagaalkii sokeeye sannadkii 1991 in dalkayaga uu ku caanbaxay qafaalashada maraakiibta nooc walba ha ahaadeen e.  Budhcad badeedyada oo ka faa’iideysanaya dowlad la’aanta ama tayyo la’aanta maamullada hadda ka jira dalka. 

 

Sannadkii la soo dhaafay ee 2007 oo keliya, waxaa xeebaha Soomaaliyeed lagu afduubtay 31 markab, oo badankoodii madaxfurasho (ransom) lagu soo furtay.  Waxa keenay in dadka iska leh maraakiibta ay lacag bixiyaanna waxa ay tahay iyada oo ay budhcad badeedka Soomaaliyeed muujiyeen naxariisdarro iyo dil in ay kula dhaqmaan badmaaxda saaran maraakiibta.  Haddaan dib u jalleecanno falalka banii’aadannimada ka baxsan ee ay budhcad badeedka Soomaaliyeed kula dhaqmeen badmaaxda waa wax laga argagaxo.

 

Waxaa January 12-dii, 1991, lagu afduubtay xeebta Xaafuun markab  xamuul oo Greek ah, magaciisuna  yahay Naviluck, kana yimid Mombasa kuna sii jeeday Jeddah. Shaqaalaha saarnaa markabka oo wada ahaa Filipinos (14 qof) ayaa waxaa budhcadda ka dileen saddex ka mid ah shaqaalahaasi, dabadeedna inta ay qaawiyeen, dharkana ka reebteen 11-kii soo haray ayeey ku amreen in ay badda u boodaan ama xabbadi ay taqaanno.  Budhcadda waxay ka qaateen badmaaxdii markabka wax alle wixii lacag, saacado, iyo wax walba oo qiimo lahaa; waxeyna gubeen markabkii oo dhan, iskana tageen.  Nasiib wanaag 11-kii badmaax ee badda lagu daadiyey waxa badbaadiyey doon kalluumeysi oo meesha mareysay, lagana lahaa Imaaraadka Carabta.  Dhacdadan ayaa waxaa fajac iyo ammakaag ku noqotay adduunka, siiba dadka maraakiibta iska leh, oo iyaga u noqotay dhacdo aan xal kale lahayn, aan ka aheyn in la laaluusho budhcad badeedka ka dillaacay Soomaaliya.

 

Sannadba sannadka ka dambeey waa soo dhiiranayeen budhcadda ka qaraabta xeebaha Soomaliyeed; waxayna sii noqonayeen kuwa si casri ah u abaabulan una howlgala.  Waxay noqdeen kuwa sida ciidanka badda (Marines) u tababaran, xirtana marka ay howlgal suubinayaan dharka ciidanka (military fatigues).  Waxay kaloo sitaan  hub casri ah (sida anti-tank rocket), doonyo dheereeya, satellite phones, iyo qalabka maraakiibta lagu hago (Global Positioning System, GPS).

 

Hantida laga suubiyo qafaalashada maraakiibta ku gooshta xeebaha Soomaaliya waxaa laga dareemi karaa magaalooyinka dalka.  Budhcadda waxay si xushmad leh ugu dhexnooshahay dalka, iyadoo weliba meelaha qaarkiis ay yihiin ganacsadayaasha ugu firfircoon ama ah dadka talada degaanka wax laga weeydiiyo.  Sida la sheegayo, waxay budhcaddaasi gacan saar hoose la leeyihiin maamullada ka jira dalka.

 

DFKS Maxay ka qabatay Budhcad Badeedka?

 

Munaasabaddan ma budhcad badeed baa loogu tashtay  mise?

 

Dowladda Federalka ee Ku-meel-gaarka Soomaliyeed oo la soo doortay dhammaadkii 2004 ayaa waxay u muuqatay bilowgii in ay daneeneyso in laga hortago budhcadnimada, diyaarna u yahay maamulkooda in wada shaqeyn iyo gargaarba weydiisan doonta Caalamka sidii loo soo afjari lahaa qafaalashada maraakibta iyo badmaaxda saaran ba.

 

November 26, 2005, shirkad Maraykan ah oo la yidhaahdo Topcat Marine Security ayaa waxaa magaalada Nairobi kula saxiixatay DFKS heshiis laba sano oo qiimihiisu yahay $50 million oo Dolarka Maraykanka ah.  Shirkadaasi oo ka xaqab tiri doonta dowladda, sida markaa la sheegay, wixii la xiriira ka ilaalinta xeebaha Soomaaliyeed budhcad badeedka muddo dhan labo sano.  Heshiiskaasi waxaa u saxiixay DFKS Wasiirka Kalluumeysiga Xasan Abshir Faarax, waxaana goobjoog ka ahaa Ra’iisal Wasaare Cali Maxamed Geedi, xildhibaanno, iyo mas’uuliyiin kale.  Dhinaca Topcat Marine Security, waxaa u saxiixay qandaraaskaasi (Alle ku sii ah) Peter Casini oo ahaa madaxa qeybta baaritaanka iyo horumarinta (research and development) ee shirkaddaasi. Munaasabadda shirka waxaa ka hadlay RW Geedi oo sheegay in muddo hal sano ah ay dowladdiisa baadigoob ugu jirtay in ay hesho cid ka caawinta ka hortagga budhcad badeedka, muddana ay xiriir wada hadal ah la yeelaneysay shirkaddan Topcat.  Sidoo kale waxaa Peter Casini isna uu sheegay, oo u ballanqaad ku bixiyey, in si deg deg ah uu u soo afjari doono budhcadnimada ku habsatay dhulbadeedka Soomaaliyeed.

 

Waxaa ayaandarro ah in muddo ka dib ay soo baxday in shirkaddan Topcat, oo sheegatay in xaruunteedu tahay New York aysan ahayn hay’ad gudan kartaa waxa ay ballan qaaday.  Hay’addu ma awooddo in ay u soo dirto Soomaaliya doonyaha dheereeya, tababarto ciidanka la dagaalkan budhcadda, iyo dhismaha saldhigyo ama xaruumo dalka gudihiisa ah.  Waxaa intaasi dheer in maareeyaha (executive) shirkaddaas, Peter Casini, uu leeyahay taariikh caddeyneysa in uu shirkad abuuro, mudo yar ka dibna uu xiro oo uu file-gareeyo waxa loo yaqaan “kicid” (bankruptcy).  Bal eeg sooyaalkiisa abaabul shirkadeed [2]:

 

1992 – Peter Casini wuxuu abuuray shirkadda Cobra Marine Industries (New Jersy-based), la xirayna 1995, isagoo sheegtay “kicid”.

 

May 1995 – waxa uu la wareegay, isaga iyo nin kale, shirkadda Marine Investors Inc, waxay istaagtay ama la xiray iyadana 1997, sidoo kale wuxuu sheegtay inuu kacay (bankrupt).

 

May 1997 – wuxuu abuuray Cobra Sports Fishing Boats Inc (NJ-based) oo uu xiray haddana 2001, sidoo kale “kicid” sheegtay.

 

Feb 2000 – wuxuu kaloo suubiyey Cobra World Champion Power Boat Corp and Tsunami Marine Manufacturing Corp oo iyaguna noqday July 2001 shirkado hal bacaad lagu lisay ah.

 

2002 – ayuu Peter Casini isku dabariday shirkaddan hadda heshiiska la gashay DFKS, Topcat, oo waa yaab e u ballan qaaday in ay u suubiso doonyaha dheereeya iyo weliba saldhigyo ka sameysato dalka gudihiisa. Mucjisada ugu weyna waxay tahay shirkaddan oo xitaa aan laheyn Cinwaan (valid street address) ama xafiis la yaqaan oo lagala soo xiriira, aan ka ahayn sanduuq (p.o. box). Haddana la siiyey qandaraas $50 million ah shirkaddan  waa arrin madaxa daalineysa.

 

Si kastabo ha ahaatee, markii ay ka soo wareegatay in ka badan hal sano waqtigii heshiiska lala galey Topcat ayaa hadal ku saabsan shirkadda ka soo yeerey wasiirkii Kalluumeysiga Xasan Abshir Faarax.  Xasan oo qiil uu doondoonaya labada dhinacba ayaa yiri: State Department Mareykanka ayaa ka xannibay (blocked) shirkadda Topcat in ciidan iyo qalab militari oo lagu ilaaliyo u soo dirto xeebaha Soomaaliyeed, sababta oo ah iyadoo weli dalka uu saaran yahay xannibaadii UN–ta (UN embargo).  Wuxuuna hadalkiisa raaciyey in hadda ay dowladdiisa wada hadal kula jirto dowladda Shiinaha iyo shirkado dalkaasi ka socda oo buuxiya howsha la dagaalanka budhcad badeedka [3].

 

Ilaa maanta lama xaqiijin karo in ayba marka hore shirkaddaasi ay biloowday shaqadii ay u ballan qaaday dowladda DFKS, kuna hanatay ugu yaraan dacaayad ama xayeeysiin magaceeda (publicity).  Budhcad badeekiina weli si xawli ah ayuu ku socdaa, oo haddadaan aynu joogno maraakiib ayaa afduub loogu heysto xeebaha dalkeenna. Haddii ay Dowladdii Dhexe ee federaalka ahayd ay sidaa wax yeeshay, bal aynu u leexanno dhinaca Maamul Goboleedka Puntland waxa ay ka qabatay la dagaalanka dadka qafaasha maraakiibta.

 

Budhcad Badeedka Qiil Ma Leeyahay?

 

Inta aanan ka jawaabin su’aashaa kore, bal aynu xusno taariikhda soo jireenka ah ee waqooyi bari, haddana loo yaqaan Puntland.  Juquraafi ahaan waa meel aad taariikh ugu leh maraakiibta iyo badmaaxdaba, siiba inta u dhaxeysa Cape Guardafui (Ras Casir) iyo Xaafuun. Soonaha (Zone) u dhaxeeya Guardafui iyo Xaafuun waa meel leh “Wareegto” (whirlpool) sida Bermuda triangle ayeeyna badanaa qatar u tahay.  Waa meel ay maraakiib iyo doonyo farabadan ku halligmeen, baxaari aan tiro lahaynna ku naf waayey.

 

Sida ku cadba magaca Guardafui, oo micnaheedo yahay “arag oo ka carar” waa meel aad iyo aad Qatar u ah, budhcad badeedkuna ay u tahay meel bililiqo aan laga waayin.  Sida uu qoray taarikhyahanka Wayne K. Durrill, Markab ciidan oo ay leedahay East Indian Company, ee la yidhaahdo Weisshelm, ayaa ku caariyey xeebaha Bari bishii June 7, 1801; halkaasina ay dadkii saarnaa markabka u gacan galeen dadka xeebtaa degganaa, lagana furtay wax walba oo ay wateen, qaarna laga dilay.  Intii yareed oo ka soo hartayna ay cagaha wax ka dayeen, muddo ka dibna ay gurmad ka heleen markab Ingiriis oo kuwa dagaalka ah, saasna ay ku badbaadeen [4].

 

Dhacdadan foosha xun ayaa waxay albaaka u furtay in Dowladda Ingiriiska ay wada hadal u furto beelaha degaa xeebta Xaafuun ilaa Guardafui, si loo badbaadiyo maraakiibta reer Europe ee ku caarisa meeshaasi, gunno-sannadeedna (subsidy) iyo taakuleyn kaleba loo ballanqaaday issimka beesha.  Heshiiskaasi wuxuu kaloo qeexayaa in wixii maal ah (sida xamuulka iwm) ay qeyb leeyihiin odayaasha beelahaasi, laakiin wixii naf ah (badmaaxda ka badbaaday caarinta) in gacanta loo soo geliyo maamulka Ingiriiska ee Cadan (Yemen) fadhiya.  Dadka dega soonahaasi (Xaafuun ilaa Guardafui) waxa ugu yaraan ay filan jireen xilligiiba (season) ilaa saddex markab in ay ku caariso meeshaasi, bililiqada ay ka helaanna ay u saamaxday in ay ku suubsadaan maamul dhexe oo kala dambeyn leh.

 

Mar uu booqday xeebta Xaafuun nin Mareykan ah, oo Khadiva-dii Egypt (Ismaaciil Pasha) u soo diray in uu sahan ku suubiyo (survey) xeebaha Soomaaliyeed, ayaa wuxuu ku arkay wax uu la yaabay Guardafui.  Ninkaasi Mareykanka ah oo la yiraahdo Charles Graves ayaa soo weriyey in buur u dhow Guardafui la saaray Sheekh maalin iyo habeen walba ku barya (tukado) in “Ilaahay uu u soo caariyo maraakiibta gaalada si ay u bililiqeystaan” [5].  

 

Ilaa laga soo gaaro sannadkii 1928, cirifkaa ay ku kulmaan biyaha Badda Cas (Red Sea) iyo tan Indian Ocean-ka waxay u ahayd maraakiibta meel ay ku halligmaan.  Odeygii Fasciste-ha ahaa ee u talinayey dalka Talyaaniga, gumeysiga xunna ku haystay dalkeenna, Mussolini, ayaa wuxuu go’aansaday in uu ka dhiso cirifkaasi Manaarad (Lighthouse) uga diga maraakiibta qatarta ku soo fool leh.  Suldaanka cirifkaasi Guardafui ka talinayey iyo dadkii bililaqada maraakiibta soo caarisaa ka faa’iideysan jiray ayaa isku dayey in ay hakiyaan dhismaha Manaaradda.  Dowladda Talyaaniga waxay ku xalisay arrintu in ay Suldaanka siiso magdhow ah 300, 000 lire una balan qaaday in sannad walba ku siin doonto Ilaalinta Manaaradda 40, 000 lire [6].

 

Mar haddii ay taariikhda xeebaha cirifka sare ee Soomaaliya uu soo maray heerar sidaa ah, bal aan isku dayno in aan fiirinno waxaa Maamulka Puntland inta ay jirtay ay ka qabatay nabadsugidda maraakiibta marta xeebaheenna, xitaa ha noqdaan  kuwa xamuulka u sida degaannadeena.

 

February 21, 2000, ayaa madaxweynaha Puntland, C/lahi Yusuf, heshiis kula saxiiday magaalada London shirkad Ingiriis ah, Hart Group (xaruunteedana ay tahay Bermuda). Heshiiskaasi oo ahaa mid ku xaddidan ilaalinta iyo nabadsugidda dhulbadeedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya.  Heshiiska waxaa uu qeexayaa oo kale in doonyo casri ah oo dheereeya ay shirkaddu keeni doonto Puntland, si ay ula dagaalanto maraakiibta ajaaniibta ee sida sharcidarrada ah uga kalluumeysta 200 mile ka loo yaqaan Economic Zone ka Soomaaliya.  Waxaa xusid mudan in shirkadda ay sheegato in ay shaqadeeda bilowday ka hore intaanu saxiixan dhicin (April, 1999).  

 

Runtii Hart Group ma noqon sidii Topcat, ee waxay durbadiiba bilowday dardar loo riyaaqay.  Shirkaddu waxay saldhig ku yeelatay Bosaso, kireystay hotel ay dejiso shaqaalaheeda oo ka koobnaa 60 qof oo ahaa ciidanka badda ilaaliya – walow ayba iska caddeyd in shaqaalaha shirkadda badankood ay ka soo wada jeedeen reerka ama jiffada madaxweynaha, haddana dadku waxy diyaar u ahaayeen helitaanka maamul soo celiya wax u eg dowlad maadaama dalka uu dowlad la’aan ahaa in muddo ahba.

 

Muddo ka yar 5 bilood gudahood ciidamadii ilaalada badda ee Hart Group waxay faraha la soo galeen shaqo “policing” ah oo ku wajahan  shacabka deggan Bosaso.  Shirkadda waxay jabisay sharcigii loo aasaasay.  Haddaan tusaale u soo qaato, May 29, 2000, waxaa ilaaladii Harti Group oo la socota police-kii Puntland ay habeenimadii jabsadeen xafiiska Wargeyska Sahan.  Waxay ka qarribeen printing equipment, furniture-kii, iyagoo weliba ku dhaawacay halkaasi hal shaqaale oo wargeyska u shaqeynayey.  War yaanan idinku daalinine, ilaaladii badda loo xilsaaray, waxay noqdeen kuwa caga jugleyn iyo hadaf jiffo-siyaasadeed ku adeegta.

 

Octobar 1, 2000 – waxa madaxweyne C/lahi Yusuf uu ballaariyey hadafkii shirkadda Hart Group, lana galay heshiis kale.  Wuxuu Hart Group u ansixyey in ay ka kalluumeystaan xeebaha Puntland, shirkaddana ay la timid 9 markab (nooc trawler ah).  Heshiiskaasi oo ka dhacay hotel-ka Haruuse (Bosaso) ee uu deganaa madaxweynaha, maalin Axad (Oct 1, 2000). 

 

Waxaa taasi ay kuu caddeynaysaa in damicii Hart Group uu sii kordhay ama ayba ujeedadeeda ugu weynba ay ahayd in ay ka kalluumeysato xeebaha ganiga ah ee Puntland.  Walow shirkadda ay heysato saxiixa madaxweynaha, weli lama horgeyn oo ma ansixin  Puntland parliament iyo Golihii Issimada oo dastuurku qabo in ay yihiin awoodda ugu sarreeysa Puntland.  Arrintan ayaa sabab u ahayd in hugun-siyaasadeed oo liddi ku ah madaxweynaha iyo shirkaddaba uu bilowdo sannadkii 2001.  Waxaa kale jabay dowladdii, dad badan oo aad ugu dhawaa, isku beelna ka soo jeedeen, madaxweynahana waxay bilaabeen olole ay ku doonayaan in doorasho la qabto si ay u nasiyaan madaxweynaha iyo shirkadda Hart Group ba.  Waa tan aynu kawada dharegsannahay dagaalkii sokeeye ee ka dhashay arrintan, dad badanna ay ku dhinteen iska horimaadyadii military ee dhacay.  Dagaalkaasi oo ugu dambeyntii uu C/lahi Yusuf ku guuleystay ayaa waxaa la wada ogyahay qeybta libaax ay ka qaadatay shirkadda Hart Group – ha noqoto xag dhaqaale ama ciidan, oo shaqaalaheeda ilaalada ahaa ay la safteen C/lahi Yusuf.  Guuleysashada Cabdullaahina ay u noqotay guul shirkadda u soo hoyatay, oo waxay meeshoodii ka sii wateen ka kalluumeysiga xeebaha dihan ee Puntland.        

 

Haba ka kalluumeysatee xeebaha Puntland, bal aan is weydiinno maxay ka qabatay arrinta ah budhcadbadeedka?  Sidaan korba ku soo xusnay, ciidankii shirkadda oo loogu tala galey in ay budhcadda la dagaalamaan, waxay ku mashquuleen difaacidda siyaasadda C/lahi Yusuf, taas oo ay ku kasbatay Puntland in hay’ado badan oo Caalami ah ay ku tilmaamaan “Xeebaha ugu qatarsan Soomaaliya”, xitaa ka xun xeebta Xarardheere oo ku caan baxday qafaalashada maraakiibta [7]. 

 

Taa micnaheedu wuxuu yahay, sidey shirkaddan Hart Group u timid ba waxaa ku soo kordhay xeebaheennii qafaalashada maraakiibta.  Budhcad badeedkan tirada badan xageey ka yimaadeen?  Ma odhaneyno waxa maraakiibta qafaashaa waa isla ilaalada shirkadda u shaqeeyaa, laakiin waa su’aal u baahan in jawaab loo helo.  Ma shirkadda ayaa dhiirigelisoo oo dooneysa sidaasi, iyada oo ay ka tahay shaqo-abuur?  Mise Maamulka Puntland ayaa u arkay qafaalashada arrin ah “lucrative business” lagu sii sotedheereysto saldannada ama haynta hoggaanka Puntland?

 

Bal aan wax yar fiirinno dhacdooyinkii budhcad badeedka, oo aan yara dib u xasuusanno maraakiibtii iyo badmaaxdii dhibbanayaasha (victims) u noqday qafaalashada naxariista daran.  Aynu eegno sida warbaahinta adduunka u soo tabiyeen:

 

Net Express – waa markab xamuul ah oo Faransiis, laguna afduubtay xeebta Baargaal, July 13, 2000.  Budhcaddii waxay ka qaateen markabka generators, shidaal, iyo wax walba oo qiimo lahaa oo ay lahaayeen badmaaxdii saarraa markabka.  July 13, 2000 ayeey isaga haluuleen markabka, wallow ay sheegatay shirkadda Hart Group in iyaga u soo gurmadeen markabkaasi.

 

Prince Sarah – markabkani waxaa lagu weerary oo laga soo qafaashay xeebta Xaafuun January 14, 2002.  Markii la afduubtay ayaa warbaahinta adduunka wax ka weydiiyey wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha, Cabdi Xaaji Yusuf, arrinta qafaalashada; wuxuuna ugu jawaabay: wax akhbaar ah kama hayo arrintaasi.  Mulkiilaha markabka Toofiiq Ciise oo ahaa Lubnaani ayaa sheegay, muddo ka soo wareegatay 10 cisho, in markabkiisa la sii daayey, uuna bixiyey madax furasho qiyaastii ah $200,000. Wuxuu yiri Ciise, xitaa waxaan bixiyey $168 oo ahayd qidmadii xawaaladda.   

 

Al Ameer – Markabkani oo laga lahaa Shaariqa (Sharjah, UAE) wuxuu xamuul u siday Muqdisho iyo Kismayo.  Xeebta Eyl ayaana laga qafaashay.  Arrinta markabkan ayaa waxaa sii deyntiisa ka qeyb qaatay safiirka Somalia ee UAE, Xuseen Maxamed Bullaaleh.  Markabka oo la heystay muddo yar, waxaa la sii daayey July 11, 2002, iyadoo mulkiilaha markabka laga qaatay madaxfurasho dhan $100,000.

 

Panaghia Tinou –  markabkan waxaa laga qafaashay xeebta u dhow Bosaso June 15, 2002.  Waxaa la sii daayey markabkaasi July 3, 2002, ka dib markii laga qaatay $400,000 oo madax furasho ah.

 

Jenlil – waa maraakiibta nooca loo yaqaan Tanker, shidaalkana qaada.  Markabkan oo ay laheyd shirkad Greek ah, sitayna calanka North Korea, waxaa saarnaa shaqaale Georgians ah.  Waxaa lagu afduubtay xeebaha Bosaso u dhow bishii July 30, 2000.  Afduubayaashana waxay sheegteen in ay ka soo jeedaan beesha Sawaaqroon, yihiinna kuwa u dagaalama ilaalinta bay’adda dalkooda.  Afduubayaasha waxay codsadeen $600,000, laakiin mulkiilaha markabka ma rabin in uu bixiyo wax ka badan $35,000, taasina ay keentay in afduubayaasha ay haystaan markabka muddo dheer, badmaaxdana ay maxbuus ahaadaan.  Markii afar bil iyo dheeraad ay ka soo wareegatay ayaa mulkiilihii markabka bixiyey $100,000, dabadeedna ay afduubayaashii ay codsadeen $100,000 oo kale.  Ugu dambeyntii, bishii February horraanteedii (2003), ayaa badmaaxdii ka awood roonaatay afduubayaashii, lana cararay naftoodii iyo markabkoodiiba.

 

Pagania – oo laga lahaa Malta, ayaa laga afduubtay xeebaha Puntland dhammaadkii October 19, 2005-kii, iyadoo afduubayaashu ay codsadeen 583,000 euro oo madaxfurasho ah.  Ka dib marka codsigii afduubayaasha la aqbalay ayaa la sii daayey markabkii November 26, 2006.

 

Torgelow – markabkan oo lagu heystay in muddo ah xeebta Eyl, waxaa la weydiistay madaxfurasho dhan $700,000.  October 10 dii ilaa November 29, 2005 ayaa la haystay markaabkaasi, iyadoo la sheegayo in lacagtii ay codsadeen ee madaxfurashada ahayd la siiyey kuwii qafaashay markabka.

 

Rozen – oo ahaa markab ay soo kireystay WFP, raashin gargaar ahaana soo gaarsiiyey dadka Soomaaliyeed ayaa lagu qafaashay xeebta Caluula Febuary 25, 2007.  Waxaa markabkii ay la tageen xeebta Baargaal, iyaga oo ka fogaanayey xeebta Bosaso.  Wasiirka Kalluumeysiga Puntland, Saciid Maxamed raage, ayaa warbaahinta u sheegay in aan la siin doonin wax madaxfurasha ah dambiilayaashaasi, uuna xoog u adeegsan doono soo furashada markabkaasi raashinka gargaarka keenay Bosaso [8].  Xitaa waxaa laga qabtay afduubayaashii 6 qof oo lagu tuhmay inay xeebta ugu soo dageen inay raashin gataan.  Ayaandarro, dadaalkii wasiirka waxay noqotay hal bacaad lagu lisay, markabka waxaa la sii haystay ku dhawaad afartan cisho oo kale, ilaa ugu dambeyntii lagu qasbay mulkiilaha in uu madaxfurasho bixiyo, sidaana lagu sii daayey markabkii April 2, 2007.  

 

Golden Nori – oo ahaa markab tanker ah, laga leeyahayna Japan, sideyna shidaal, ayaa Oct 25, 2007 laga afduubtay xeebaha Puntland, lana keenay xeebta magaalada Bosaso.  Sidoo kale markabkan oo la heysatay muddo bil iyo bar, ayaa lagu furtay lacag madaxfurasho ah oo qiyaastii lagu sheegay ilaa $500,000. 

 

Akhristayaal, idinka oo raalli ka ah  maqaalkan dheer, waxaan kor idiin ku soo magacaabay oo keliya 9 markab oo xeebaheenna laga afduubtay sanooyinkii hore, aniga oo aan soo magaacibin maraakiibta faraha badan ee ka kalluumeysata xeebaheenna oo la qafaashay.  Sababta aan saas u yeelayna ay tahay, iyada oo aalaaba maraakiibtan kalluumeysiga ay sharciyan ku xad gudbaan Xeerka Caalamiga, oo diidaya in si xatooya ah loogu xadgudbo xeebaha dalkeenna.  Bal wax xoogaa ila fiiriya, afduubka sannadkan 2008 horrantiisa aynu ku jirno ka dhacay xeebta Eyl. 

 

Svitzer Kosakov – oo ah maraakiibta nooca loo yaqaan Tug boat, oo loogu talagalay in uu jiido maraakiib kale, ayaa lagu weeraray xeebaha Puntland, lana geystay xeebta Eyl, Febuary 1, 2008, ilaa haddana weli loo heysto madax furasho.

 

Budhcaddan hadda haysata markabka waxa ay ku andacoonayaan in ay yihiin urur ka ilaaliya badda maraakiibta qashinka (toxic waste) ku daadisa xeebaha dalkooda, lana yiraahdo “Ocean Salvation Corps” [9].  Marka waxay afduubayaashan leeyihiin “ma nihin Budhcad badeed”.  Mana aha markii ugu horreysay ay koox wax qafaalataa ay ku doodaan inay yihiin dad ka ilaaliya xeebaha dalkood wixii wax yeelleynaya, hasa ahaatee, la arki doonee kuwan sida ay sabab ugu yeeli (justify-gareen) doonaan qafaalashada markab ah tug boat, oo aan awoodin in uu qashin daadiyo, ama kalluun uu ka gurto xeebaha Soomaaliya.

 

Gunaanad: budhcadnimo cawaaqib xumadeeda xun filo

 

Waxa aan ognahay in dagaalkii sokeeyee ee burburiyey dowladdii dhexe ee dalka ka jirtay uu si xawli ah uu biloowday January 1991.  Laga bilaabo 1991 ilaa aasaasiddii maamulka Puntland ee 1998, ay fara ku tiris ahayd maraakiibta lagu afduubtay xeebaha Puntland.  Laakiin marka ay meeshii maamul dhexe yeelatay oo ay xitaa timid shirkad (Hart Group ama al-Habeeb–ta hadda) iska sheegta in ay ilaaliso xeebta, ayaa korodhay afduubashada maraakiibta.  Taasi oo isoo xasuusisay dhaqaalihii laga suubin jiray maraakiibta soo caarisay bililiqadoodii, ayna meherad (profession) ka dhigan jireen dad badan ee noolaa  qarniyadii hore (1700s, 1800s) – illamaa ay gaartay in la isku dayo in saldanado laga dhisto.

 

Hadda waxeynu ku noolnahay adduun uu ka dhexeeyo wada shaqeyn, oo dadka meel kasto ay joogaan waxay yeesheen ama nolol maalmeedkoodu ku xiran yahay wax meel fog uga yimaada ama u dhoofiya.  Dalkeenna Soomaaliya haba ugu darnaadee.  Wax ka yar miyaa jira “cirbad”?  Waxaan ka keensannaa dibadda, oo maraakiib ayeey ku timaadaa cirbaddu.  Adduunkii baaba iska xaafad yar noqday.  Marka ma dhici karto in badaheenna ay dad yar ku qafaashaan maraakiib iyo shaqaale ajnabi ah, kana suubsadaan hanti, adduunkana aanan ka filin jawaab-celin ciqaab wadataa.  Filo in dalkeenna lagu soo rogo cunaqabateyn (embargo), maraakiibta imaneysana lagu qaaliyeeyo insurance-ka, iyo wax la mid ah.  Waa jirtaa in hadda Puntland dad ay ka dhisteen Hotel-lo waaweyn, diyaaraado ka gatay, guryo badan ka dhistay waxa la xiriiraa meheraddan budhcad badeedka.  Laakiin waa wax la isaga daba imanayo, oo sida Muqdisho ba hadda ay wax isu badaleen ayeey noqon meel walba.

 

Weliba waxaan kula dardaarmayaa kuwa horbooda maamullada hadda dalka ka jiraa, in ay maskaxdooda ka saaraan in la shaqeynta budhcad badeedka uu u sii suta dheereynayo ku fadhiga kursigooda, ama xitaa u dhisi doonto waxa medieval-kii jiri jiray ee ah saldanad beeleed.  Bal dib aan u jalleecno kuwii (siyaasiyiin) wax isdaba-maryeenta hantida ku yeeshay, oo nala arka sida ay qurbaha ugu silicsan yihiin, dalkoodina ka qatan yahay xoogaagii adduun weynaha ugu yabooheen.  Sidee bey kula tahay hadda kuwa qandaraasyada siiyey shirkadaha sida Topcat ama Hart Group, oo wax faa’iido oo la taaban karo dalkeenna u suubin (hadaanan dhibba keenin)?  Waxaan filayaa in cirib-dambeedka (consequences) budhcad badeedka iyo kuwa u kalkaalaba ay noqon doonto mid ay ka shallaayaan.

 

Xigasho [reference]

 

[1] The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states:

Part II, Article 3 & 17:

Subject to this Convention, Coastal States exercise sovereignty over their territorial sea which they have the right to establish its breadth up to a limit not to exceed 12 nautical miles; and all foreign vessels enjoy the right of “innocent passage” through those waters.

 

PART VII, Article 100

All States shall co-operate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy on the high seas or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of any State.

 

[2] See The Indian Ocean Newsletter, Business Intelligence Section, December 3, 2005.

 

[3] See Associated Press News dated March 7, 2007.

 

[4] See, WAYNE K. DURRILL, The American Historical Review, Vol. 91, No. 2

 

[5] Charles Graves to Chichi Graves [his wife], May 22, 1878, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, Southern Historical Collection, Charles I. Graves Papers. “…in 1878 an American visitor among the Majeerteen reported: “A priest is stationed in the mountains near Cape Guardafui who prays day and night that God will drive Christian vessels ashore that they may plunder them! This was told me by the Chief of Hunda who regarded it as a very prudent, proper and pious precaution—he thinking I was a Moslem.”

 

[6] See New York Times Apr 20, 1924, pg S8.

 

[7] See Lloyd’s List News, dated Jan I, 2003: “the worst area for piracy off the Somali coast is in the north-eastern region of the country in the region known as Puntland, which has unilaterally declared independence.”

 

[8] See AllAfrica News dated Feb 26, 2007: Puntland ocean resources minister, Saed Mohammed Raage, has told Shabelle by phone that regional government forces would use their military power to release the hijacked ship. "We will not negotiate with the hijackers. We will use our force to free the ship," he said.

 

[9] See All Africa News, dated Feb 05, 2008:  He said “their group's name is the Ocean Salvation Corps, and they are a group of Somali nationalists who took it upon themselves to protect the country's shores." Also see : http://www.biyokulule.com/view_content.php?articleid=924

 

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