Hammiga Waliid & Hangoolka UNPOS

June 08, 2009

 

Wakiilka Qaramada Midoobey u Qaabilsan Arrimaha Soomaaliya, Axmed Waliid Cabdalla (Ahmedou Ould Abdallah), ayaa la filayaa in waqtigiisii uu soo afmeermay, ka dib markii hadafkii ay ka lahaayeen xoogagga qarsoon ee danaha gaarka ka leh Soomaaliya ay ku fushadeen howlahoodii; isagana, sida la leeyahay, gacan-qabsi fiican ka helay. 

 

Wakiilka, oo jagadan qabtay bishii September 12, 2007, ayaa ku guuleystay in uu dhabarka ka kala jebsho qoliyihii mideeysnaa ee Maxaakiimta (Union of Islamic Courts) la oran jiray. Isaga oo u kala dhantaalay Maxaakiimtii qolyo xag-jir (ama mayal adag) ah iyo kuwa uu ku sheegay inay yihiin qunyar-socod (moderates).

 

Wakiilka waxa uu ku guuleystay inuu Djibouti ku qabanqaabiyo shir lagu caleemo saaray Sheekh Sharif oo markaa hoggaaminayey garabka maxkamadaha (qun-yar socodka) ee  uu Wakiilka ayyidsanaa.

 

Inta aanan falanqeyn sooyaalka mugdiga ah ee Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ku leedahay dalka Soomaaliya (gaar ahaan, 18-kii sano ee u dambeeyay), waxaan ku horreyn doonnaa cidda uu caanaha ka qubay iyo waxa uu hadda ku taahayo Wakiil Axmed Waliid, ka dib markii uu gacan qabsi fiican ka helay mashruucii “dib-u-heshiisiinta” Soomaalida.

 

Amar Taagleyntii Axmed Waliid Cabdalla

 

September 2007: Waliid Cabdallah waxa uu la kowsaday, oo uu shaqo ka bilaabay Soomaaliya, iyada oo Cabdullaahi Yusuf iyo kooxdiisa ka taliyaan dalka. Waqtigan oo runtii ahaa waqti adag oo dad gaaraya kumanaan ay ka qaxeen Muqdsiho, kana carareen madaafiicdii ay askarta General Gabra ku qaraacayeen xaafado ka mid ah Muqdisho.

 

Waliid durbadiiba waxa uu bilaabay inuu u kala dab qaado Maxaakiimta iyo Dowladda.  Wakiilka waxaa judhiiba u soo ifbaxay in labada dhinacba ay hoos ahaan kala jajaban yihiin. Dhinaca dowladda waxaa ku jiray koox ah “qawda ma qashii waxna ha u qaban” iyo kuwa si aad ah (die-hard) Cabdullaahi Yusuf u taageersan. Kooxdan dambe ayaa ku riyooneysay in Cabdullahi shaqo wacan qabtay oo mar kale la soo dooran doono. Kooxdan oo halhays u ahayd “ninkii uu Cabdullahi Yusuf gowska dambe uu ku qabtaa inuusan ka soo waaqsan doonin”, oo ay ula jeedeen in Cabdullahi Yusuf uu taageero buuxdo ka haysto waxay ugu yeereen “International Community”.

 

Hase yeeshee, waxaa dhacday in Wakiilka QM, Axmed Waliid Cabdalla, in uu gows-dambeedkiisa uu ku qabtay Cabdullahi Yusuf, kuna hubsaday in Qaaradda Afrika uu ka saaro, una haajiriyo Asiya (Yemen).

 

Waxay arrintaan amakaag ku noqotay taageerayaasha Cabdullahi Yusuf, oo filan waa' ku noqotay in Wakiilka QM uu runtii yahay “Maxadweynaha” Soomaaliya.  Waxaa intaasi u sii dheer inay la yaabeen in Wakiilka uu Madaxweyne ku soo dhiso muddo ka yar isbuuc, isaga oo maamulayey sida doorashada u dhaceyso iyo cidda wax dooranaysa ama la dooranayo.

 

Wakiil Waliid waxa uu u dhigay taageerayaasha Cabdullaahi Yusuf cashar lama illaawaan (Politics 101), oo uu si "itaabsii" ah u baray in siyaasaddu aysan saaxiib joogta ah lahayn, qof ama urur kastana laga maarmi karo. Casharka Waliid Cabdalla hasa yeeshee ma ahayn xirfad cusub oo ay xafiisyada Qaramada Midoobay kula dhaqantay Maamulkii Cabdullahi Yusuf oo keliya. Haddaad u kuur gashid dhacdooyinkii dhex maray kooxaha horboodayey siyaasadda Soomaaliye 18-kii sano ee u dambeeyey, waxa aad ogaanaysaa in QM ay ku soo jid martay kuwa badan (oo dagaal oogayaal ah), iyada oo mashruuca "dib-u-heshiisiin" oo aan waxba ka jirin lagu hawliyey.

 

Wax qarsoon maaha in Xafiiska QM u qaabilsan Arrimaha Soomaaliya uu ku caano maalay, in muddo ahba, in uu u muujiyo kooxo/jabhado ama qabiillo ka mid ah Soomaalida godobsi oo ay la jirsadaan. Sida aadba hoos uga bogan doontaan, waqtigii 1990s, UNOSOM waxay si dadban ula safatay jabhaddii USC-garabka Caydiid.  Waana ka dharagsan nahay waalida ay ka qaadeen garabkan USC, iyaga oo aaminsanaa in saldanad waarta loo dhisayo reerkooda. Weli waxay u muuqataa in Xafiiska UNPOS uusan ka daalin soo istaajinta safka hore ee dagaalkooda marba koox ama qabiil Soomaaliyeed; haddana aad mooddo in koox uu Shariifka horgal u yahay, oo koofiyo Baraawe wada xiran, in hangool UNPOS ku sidato.

 

Haddadaan aan maqaalkan qorayo, Wakiil Axmed Waliid waxaa uu si toos ah amarka u siiyaa Madaxweyne Shariif, Raysal Wasaare Cumar Cabdirashiid, iyo Raysal Baarlamaan Adan Madoobe. Walow ay dad badani u arkaan qiimeyntan aan soo sheegay mid buunbuunis ah (exaggeration), haddana qof kasta oo u dhuun duleela Arrimaha Soomaaliya waa ayyidayaa hadalkaasi.

 

Sidaanba kor ku xusay, Wakiil Axmed Waliid keli kuma aha sida uu wax yeelayo iyo ka mira dhalinta mashruuca "dib-u-heshiisiinta".  Waxaa ku raacsan hawsha siduu u wado wadamo dano xooggan oo gaar ah ka leh dalka iyo dadka Soomaaliyeed.  Waxaa la isla dhexmarayaa meelaha lagu qaxweeyo ee Nairobi (oo ah xaruunta Xafiiska Wakiilka) in gacan qabsi xooggan uu Wakiilku ka helay mashruuca “Dib-u-Heshiisiinta” Soomaalida. Su’aashu waxay tahay Wakiilka maadaama uu waqtigiisa gabogabo marayo, oo la leeyahay waxa u harsanba waa maalmo fara ku tiris ah, muxuu suubin doonaa?

 

Hammiga Wakiilka   

 

Waxaa la filayaa in bisha soo socota sideed iyo tobankeedii (July 18, 2009) ay dhici doonto tartankii doorashada ee dalka Mauritania, ee ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika.

 

Mauritania waa dalka uu ka soo jeedo Wakiilka Qaramada Midoobay u Qaablisan Arrimaha Soomaaliya, Axmed Waliid Cabdalla (Ahmedou Ould Abdallah). Toban bilood ka hor (August 06, 2008) ayaa dalkaasi inqilab ku qabsaday General Maxamed Waliid Cabdicasiis. Ka dib markii uu culeys fara badan uu kaga yimid Adduunweynaha ayaa kooxdii inqilaabka ku qabsatay go’aamisay inay xukunka ka dagaan oo doorasho loo dhan yahay la qabto bisha soo socoto (July 18, 2009).

 

Wareysi uu siiyey Axmed Waliid wakaaladda wararka ee   Radio France Internationale [1] ayuu si dadban u sheegay in ay suurtogal tahay inuu u cararo jagada Madaxweynanimada dalkiisa Hooyo ee Mauritania. Waxaa hubaal ah inuu jagadaasi uusan hunguriyeen lahayn Axmed Waliid, haddii uusan dhaqaaale iyo taageero caalami ah haysan.

 

Sooyaalka Wakiilada QM ee Soomaaliya

 

Ka dib markii ay burburtay dowladdii Soomaaliya ee majaraha u hayey Maxamed Siyaad Barre, bilowgii 1991, ayaa waxaa soo food saartay gebi ahaanba dalka dagaal sokeeye. Dagaalkaasi oo ay ku naf waayeen dad aad u tira badan, barakicin baahsanna geysatay.  Waxaa dad badani ay ka tallaabeen xadkii Soomaaliya. Dhibtaasi dhacdayna waxay indhaha Adduunka ku soo jeedisay dalka Soomaaliya.

 

December 1991: Xoghayaha QM, Javier Perez de Cuellar, ayaa go’aansaday inuu bilaabo mashruuc uu ku badbaadinayo Soomaaliya. Wuxuuna u diray dalka, si uu usoo qiimeeyo xaaladda adag ee dalka ka jirta, wafdi uu hoggaaminayo kalkaaliyihiisa xagga Arrimaha Siyaasadda, James O.C. Jonah (Ka soo jeeda dalka Sierra Leone). Wafdiga waxay soo mareen goobo badan ee dalka, waxayna soo diyaariyeen warbixin xasaasi ah, oo ku kalliftay QM inay u magacawdo Soomaaliya Wakiil Khaas ah.

 

April 24, 1992: Xoghaya QM ee cusub, Boutros Boutros Ghali   wuxuu u magacaabay Wakiilka Khaaska ee QM (WKHQM) Maxamed Sahnuun (Mohammed Sahnoun), oo dhalasho ahaan ka soo jeeda dalka Algeria. Waxaa kaloo uu Xoghaya QM ku dhawaaqay isla maalintaasi mashruuci “UNOSOM I”, madaxna ka yahay Maxamed Sahnuun.

 

Lixdii bilood ee uu ahaa Wakiilka Khaaska, Maxamed Sahuun waxaa uu aad ula saaxiibay General Maxamed Faarax Caydiid, oo uu xitaa ugu tegi jiray meela ka baxsan Muqdisho, sida Baardheere.  Waxaa kale uu la kulmay dagaal oogayaal kale oo dhowr ah.  Sahnuun waxa uu keenay ciidamo ka socda QM (blue helmet) oo gaaraya ilaa 500, ilaaliyana garoonka dayuuradaha iyo dekadda Muqdisho.

 

Inkastoo dad badan oo akhristay buugga uu qoray Sahnuun, markii uu iska casilay jagada wakiilka khaaska ee QM, ay aamineen in haddii Sahnuun uu sii joogi lahaa Soomaaliya uu xasil iyo heshiis ka dhex dhalin lahaa mooryaanta is hardineysay.  Buugga uu qoray Sahnuun oo la yiraahdo “The Missed Opportunites”, waxaan u arkaa anigu inuu ahaa buug marin habaabin iyo ceeb qarin badani ay ka buuxdo.  Soomaali badan waxay u aragtaa in Sahnuun uu lacaga fara badan ka suubiyey dagaal-ooge Maxamed Faarax Caydiid, oo ay wax wada cuni jireen.  Dadka reer Gedo xitaa waxa ay aaminsan yihiin in diyaaradda Sahnuun qaadi jirtay ay u jaajusi jirtay jabhadda Caydiid.  Waxaa la sheegaa in Sahnuun safarro badan uu xitaa u aadi jiray dhinacaa iyo koonfurta Afrika sida Zimbabwe, oo markaasi wiilkiisa joogay, uuna lacago fara badan geeystay halkaasi. Lixdii bilood uu xilka hayeyna Sahnuun, waxaa sii kordhay dagaalladii sokeeye, oo ay dad badani ku naf waayeen.  Waa markii jabhaddii Caydiid ay ku habsatay Bay, Bakool iyo Gedo. Waa xilligii Adduunweynaha ay ugu yeedheen Baydhabo Jannaay “the City of Death”.

 

Boutros Boutros Ghali oo indhaha ka qabsan kari waayey ayaa waxaa uu Sahnuun uu su’aalay sababta ay xaaladda bani’aadannimo ee Soomaliya uga sii dareyso iyo sababta uu Sahnuun safarro badan ugu aado meela ka fog Soomaaliya. [2] Sahnuun ayaa waaga ku baryey, oo ogaaday in laga war helay wax isdaba marsiintiisa.

 

Saas ay tahayna, Sahnuun waxa uu Addunweynaha ka gaday inuu raadkii xalka Soomaaliya ku taagnaa, haddii uusan Boutros soo fara gelin lahayn howshiisa.

 

October 26, 1992: Waxaa is casilay Maxamed Sahnuun; waxaana Boutros Ghali u magaacawday Wakiilka Khaaska ee Soomaaliya Ismat Kittani. Ismat waa Kurdish dhalasho ahaanna ka soo jeeday dalka Ciraaq. Iscasilaadda Sahnuun waxay jab-siyaasadeed ku noqotay Maxamed Faarax Caydiid. Laba maalin ka dib markii uu Sahnuun is casilay, Caydiid wuxuu ku hanjabey inuu weerari doono ciidamada yar ee UNOSOM I, ee ilaaliya dekadda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho, haddii aysan uga bixin dalka muddo 48 saacadood ah.  Handadaadaasi iyo ficilkii daba socday waxa uu ku muujiyey Caydiid in qof qaali ah (Sahnuun) uu lumiyey. [3]

 

Ciidamadii taagta darneyd (UNOSOM I) ee joogay Muqdisho waxay ilaaliyaan ama kala celiyaan iska daaye, iyaga laftooda ayaa waxa ilaalin jiray ciidamadii Caydiid. Waxa Raakhiye Omaar iyo Alex De Waal ay qoreen: The 500 Pakistani Blue Berets stuck to their barracks and relied on hired Somali guns to protect them - paving the way for what eventually became a lucrative protection racket for foreign rescuers. [4]

 

Marka uu Ismat qabtay xafiiskii uu Sahnuun banneeyey waa uu dhaga faaray. Waxaa uu la yaabay sida uu Sahnuun u dayacay howshiisa; wuxuuna warqad u qoray madaxdiisa isaga oo xusay waxa uu ku arkay Muqdisho. Sidatan ayuuna hadalkiisa u dhigay:

 

When I arrived in Mogadishu on Nov. 8, 1992, to take over United Nations Operations in Somlia (UNOSOM), I found the operation in shambles:

 

+ The Pakistani troops who had arrived two months before to secure the airport and the seaport and to escort the distributors of humanitarian aid were idle on the beach and prevented from deployment.

 

+ The airport of Mogadishu had been closed to all traffic for more than two months.

 

+ Because of banditry and obstacles at every turn, only a fraction of the humanitarian aid was reaching the people for whom it was intended.

 

+ No political reconciliation meeting was in sight.

 

When I reported these dismal conditions to the secretary general, he did not hesitate to urge the Security Council to take strong action. Among the five options presented by the secretary general, the Security Council chose to set up the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) under U.S. command and control. [5]

 

Ismat Kittani waxa uu ahaa Wakiilka Khaaska ee QM ilaa March 26, 1993, oo ahayd markii UNOSOM II bilaabatay. Shanta bilood uu Ismat Kittani xilka hayey waxaa lagu sifeeyey isna qof danahiisa gaarka ah fushanayey, maxaa yeelay waxaa uu dabacsanaan u muujiyey dagaal-ogayaashii. Wuxuu ahaaba Kittani, waxaa awoodda runta ah hayey intuu joogay ciidamadii Adduunweynaha ka socday ee uu Mareykanka hoggaaminayey, loona yaqaanay UNITAF.

 

March 26, 1993: Waxaa xilka Wakiilka khaaska la wareegay Admiral Jonathon Howe, oo ahaa Mareykan. Howe waxaa lagu sifeeyey nin sida askarinimo doonayey inuu wax u maamula, la tashi badanna aanan la suubin shaqaalaha iyo ciidamada  faraha badan ee UNOSOM II. Howe waxaa dusha looga tuuray wixii hawl-gab ah ee UNOSOM II la soo gudboonaaday.  Waxaa uu noqday kii wax walba oo ka qaldamay UNOSOM II isagu uu sabab ahaa.

 

Hasa yeeshee, arrintu sidaasi ma ahayn, oo Admiral Howe waxa uu runtii ahaa shaqsi aanan hanti-tacbasho uu joogin meesha, cunaqabateyn badanna ku suubiyey dagaal-oogayaashii qandaraasyada ku qaatay hawlaha UNOSOM II. Waxaa kale uu suulasha kaga istaagay shaqaale badan oo ka socday QM, halkaasina ilo dhaqaale ku haystay. Isku soo wado duubo, dagaalkii dhexmaray Admiral Howe iyo kooxda Caydiid waa tii uu fashil ku dhammaaday, kalliftayna in ciidamadii UNOSOM II ay gebi ahaanba ka laalaabtaan carriga Soomaaliya. Admiral Howe wuxuu xilka ka degay February 1994, ku xigeenkiisana, Lansane Kouyate, uu si ku-meel gaar ah xilka ula wareegay.

 

Wakiil Kouyate waxa uu ku meel gaar ahaa muddo dhan afar bilood, ilaa uu mar kale Boutros Ghali uu soo magacaabo wakiil rasmi ah. Wuxuuna u soo magaacabay Soomaaliya  Victor Gbeho, oo dhalasho ahaan ka soo jeeda dalka Ghana. Gbeho wuxuu xilka la wareegay July 01, 1994.

 

Waxaa lagu xasuusan karaa muddadii 10-ka bilood ee uu xilka hayey Victor Gbeho waqti ay jabhadaha Muqdisho isku  hardinayey ay dhaqaale ahaan kobceen.  Gaar ahaan, waxaa dadka Muqdisho deggan isku raaceen in kooxda koonfurta Muqdisho deggani ay si xooggan uga faa’iideen mashruucii UNOSOM.  Maqaalkii uu qoray wariye Aidan Hartley  ee “UN funds helped militias’s war machine”, ayaa weriyuhu ka soo xigtay Victor Gbeho in uu qiray inay jirto arrintaasi.  Wariyuhu waxa kaloo uu sheegay:

 

In the view of most Somalis, the south Mogadishu clan militia of Mohamed Farah Aideed profited from the presence of the United Nations more than most, despite being at war with it at one stage.

 

"Nobody can deny that Aideed controlled this area (of south Mogadishu) for the last two years with the funds of UNOSOM," said one Somali critic of Aideed.

 

Throughout Somalia, aid workers were charged extortionate rents and forced to be "protected" by armed guards.

 

Somalis from the city's south won lucrative contracts running everything from the U.N.'s sewage to building the UNOSOM $160 million headquarters. [6]

 

Iyada oo ay sidaasi tahay ayaa haddana QM ay isku dhaceen Caydiid mar kale. Caydiid waxa uu dhammaadkii 1994 bilaabay olole ah inuu koonfurta Muqdisho uu ku qabto Shirweyne lagu soo dhiso dowlad Soomaaliyeed, isla markaana uu qarashka ku xisaabiyo UN-ta. Wakiil Gbeho waa uu ka biyo diiday arrintaasi, oo waxa uu yiri “looma dhamma”.  Caydiid jawaabta uu ka bixiyey caga jiidka Wakiilka waxay ahayd isaga oo sheegay in 12 jabhadood ay ka soo qeyb galayaan, taasina micnaheedu ay tahay in Soomaalida badankeedu ay ka soo qeyb geli doonaan. Haddii UN-tana aysan ka qeyb qaadan ka mira dhalinta shirkan uu ka saari doona UN-ta gebi ahaanba dalka Soomaaliya.

 

Waxaa dhacday in Caydiid uu shir ku qabsado koonfurta Muqdisho oo dowlad uu isaga madaxweyne ka yahay ku soo dhiso bilowgii 1995. Sidoo kale, waxaa Cali Mahdi isana uu waqooyiga Muqdisho ku qabsaday shir  lagu soo dhisay dowlad uu hoggaaminayo.

 

March 31, 1995: ayaa ahayd waqtiga ciidamadii nabad ilaalinta UNOSOM II gebi ahaanba ka soo baxday Soomaaliya..  Hase yeeshee, UN-ta waxa ay isku dayday in xafiiskeeda uu weli ka furnaado Muqdisho, laakiin Caydiid ayaa arrintaasi ku laaday, oo ka codsaday UN-ta inay gebi ahaanba Muqdishu ka laalaabato.

 

April 15, 1995: UN-ta waxa ay go’aansatay inay Xafiis Qaabilsan Arrimaha Soomaaliya ka furtaan Nairobi inta ay nabadda Muqdisho ka xasileeyso. Xafiiskaasi waxaa loogu magac daray United Nations Political Office For Somalia (UNPOS).  Laga bilaabo waqtigan, Xafiiska UN-ta ee Nairobi, UNPOS, waxa uu ahaa meesha loo aaneeyo degitaan la’aanta xaaladda Soomaaliya. Xafiiskani waxa uu suurta gashay inuu “remote control” ahaan uga maamulaan xaaladda cakiran ee Soomaaliya magaalada Nairobi.  Horaa loo yiri “cunno qarsade cayil ma qarsado”, hawl wadeennada Xafiiska UNPOS ka shaqeeya waxay noqdeen bisad cayilan, oo gacanta u soo gashay cadkii (lacagihii) lagu yaboohay oo deeq ahaan loo siiyey Soomaaliya, iyada oo aysan jirin cid la xisaabtanta.

 

Haddaba, waxaa la oran karaa hoggaanka UNPOS waa kursiga runta ah ee u taliya dalka Soomaaliya. Wakiilka UNPOS waa awoodda “king-maker” kii Soomaaliya. UNPOS waa meesha laga abuuro/dhiirageliyo maamul-gobaleedyada yar yar ee hadda ka jira dalka. UNPOS waa xafiiska suurta geliyey in Soomaaliya ay yeelato saddex madaxweyne oo iyaga u soo warbixiya. UNPOS waa xafiiska suurta geliyey inay Soomaaliya yeelato saddex magaalo madax (Muqdisho, Hargeysa, iyo Garoowe). Ugu dambeyntii UNPOS waa xafiiska suurtagelin doono in Wakiil Waliid Cabdallah uu u cararo tartanka xilka Madaxweynenimo ee bisha dambe dalkiisa Mauritania uu qabsan doono.

 

Haddaba su’aalaha la isweydiin karo waxay tahay: mar haddii UNPOS hadafkiisa ugu muhiimsan uu yahay in uu dib-u-heshiisiiyo Soomaalida,  qof Soomaali ah ma qaban karaa jagadiisa ugu sarreysa? Waxaa la filayaa in u-tartamidda jagadaasi maalmahan ama bilahan soo socda ay khabiiriin badan oo aan Soomaali ahayn tiigsan doonaan.  Talow hangoolka UNPOS markan miyaa lagu cadaadin doonaa oo laga dhex dusin doonaa qolyaha loo maara la’yahay ee Al-Shabaab, si iyana looga soo dhex kalluunsado kuwa lagu sheegi doono inay yihiin “qun-yar socod”? – halkaasina mashruuca UNPOS ku sii socdo sanooyinkan soo socda. Ma istiri UNPOS iyo Al-shabaab sannadkan isma-huraan weeye, oo horaa loo yiri “budo-qabe iyo biyo-qabe waa isu baahan yihiin”. Mise hawl wadeennada UNPOS way ogaan xaqiiqda ah in dadka Soomaaliyeed ay ogaadeen in hawsha xafiiska UNPOS uu ku sifoobay maahmaahda ah “calool dhergsani calool baahan kama naxdo”.  

 

Sida kale haddii aan ku eegno, talow markan UN-ta ma laga yaabaa in ay cashar ka qaataan Koonfur Afrika (South Africa). Dalkan ayaa markuu ka baxay nidaamkii midab kala sooca (apartheid) furay xafiis dib-u-heshiisiineed ee madowga iyo caddaanka dalka wada dega. Sannadkii 1995, ayaa xafiiskan dib-u-heshiisiinta la furay looguna magac daray Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). Madaxda sarsare ee xafiiska dib-u-heshiisiinta Koonfur Afrika waxaa ilaa hadda madax ka wada ah dad u dhashay dalkaasi. Waxaana hadda guddoomiye ka ah Reverend Desmond Tutu. Taasi ayaana lagu micneyn karaa ka mira dhalinta xafiiska dib-u-heshiisiinta.    

 

Xigasho (Reference)

 

[1] Radio France Internationale (in French), June 04, 2009: “UN diplomat, ex-junta leader said likely to run in Mauritania presidential poll”.

 

[2] AFP news, October 26, 1992: Boutros-Ghali had recently written to Sahnoun criticizing his public complaints about a lack of coordination between humanitarian projects in Somalia, and also questioning his envoy's frequent trips away from the African country.

 

[3] The Toronto Star, October 02, 1993, “Somalia is the UN’s greatest failure”, by Rakiya Omaar and Alex De Waal

 

[4] ibid.

 

[5] The Washington Post, September 03, 1994: “Mr. Boutros-Ghali and Somalia”.

 

[6] Reuters News, June 18, 1994, “UN funds helped militias’ war machine”.

 

Fiiro Gaar ah: Wakiilada Khaaska ah ee QM

 

1) Maxamed Sahnuun (from Algeria) – 24 April 1992 – 26 Oct 1992

 

2) Ismat Kittani (from Iraq) – 26 Oct 1992 – 26 March 1993

 

3) Admiral Jonathon Howe (From USA) – 26 March 1993 – 28 Feb 1994

 

4) Lansane Kouyate (from Guinea) – 28 Feb 1994 – 30 June, 1994

 

5) Victor Gbeho (from Ghana) – 1 July, 1994 – 30 March 1995

 

6) Dr Abdul Hamid Kabia (Sierra Leone) – 31 March 1995 – 31 October 1996

 

7) Felix Mosha (from Tanzania) – 1 November 1996 – 30 September 1997

 

8) David Stephen (from UK) – 1 Oct 1997 – 20 Feb 2002

 

9) Winston Tubman (from Liberia) – 21 Feb 2002 – 30 April 2005

 

10) François Lonseny Fall (from Guinea) – 3 May 2005 – 11 Sep 2007

 

11) Ahmedou Ould Abdallah (from Mauritania) – 12 Sep 2007 – now

 

Roobdoon Forum

Toronto, Canada